====== Congenital Disorders of the Optic Nerve ======

===== Excavations and Hypoplasia =====
==== Optic Disc Coloboma ====
  * Abnormal fusion of the optic cup
  * Sporadic or inherited
=== Associations ===
  * CHARGE association (coloboma, choanal atresia, congenital heart disease, and multiple other abnormalities)
  * Walker- Warburg syndrome
  * Goltz focal dermal hypoplasia
  * [[aicardi_syndrome|Aicardi syndrome]]
  * [[goldenhar_syndrome|Goldenhar syndrome]]
  * Linear sebaceous naevus syndrome
  * [[https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/dandy-walker-malformation/|Dandy Walker malformation]]
  * Renal coloboma syndrome (with a mutation of PAX2 transcription)

==== Morning Glory Anomaly ====
  * congenital optic disc dysplasia
=== Associations ===
  * Typically isolated
  * transphenoidal enchephalocele and hypopituitarism
  * Retinal detachment 
  * Subretinal neovascularization
==== Peripapillary staphyloma ====
  * disturbance of peripapillary scleral development 
=== Associations ===
  * Usually isolated and unilateral
  * frontonasal displasia with encephalocele
  * facial capillary hemangioma
  * linear nevus sebaceous syndrome

==== References ====

  * {{:congentital_disorders_optic_nerve_excavations_copy.pdf | Congenital disorders of the optic nerve: excavations and hypoplasia. Dutton GN. Eye 2004}}